Study of Variations in the Course of Brachial Artery: A Cadaveric Study

Background: Brachial artery begins as a continuation of axillary artery at the distal border of teres major, runs downward at first medial to the humerus and then inclines to lie in front of the bone until it appears in the cubital fossa, where it ends at the level of the neck of radius by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries. Objectives: To know the variations in the course of brachial artery. Methods: Dissection was done on 40 upper limbs from embalmed adult human cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally. Dissection of Brachial artery was carried out according to Cunningham’s manual of practical anatomy. Results: In all 40 specimens (100%), the brachial artery begins at the inferior border of the teres major muscle as the continuation of the axillary artery. In 37 specimens (92.5%), single brachial artery (BA) was present in the arm. It runs inferiorly on the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle to the cubital fossa. It divides into the radial artery (RA) and ulnar artery (UA) opposite the neck of radius at elbow. In 3 specimens (7.5%), doubling of the brachial artery in its course was observed. In these specimens, the brachial artery was divided into two divisions in the arm. Both divisions runs inferiorly on the medial side of the biceps brachii muscle to the cubital fossa. In these two divisions, one lies superficial to the median nerve and was called the superficial brachial artery (SBA) and other division continues as the brachial artery proper (BAP). In all these 3 specimens (7.5%), the superficial brachial artery (SBA) continued as the radial artery (RA) and brachial artery proper (BAP) continued as the ulnar artery (UA) in the cubital fossa. Interpretation and Conclusion: The present study is important for Surgeons, Orthopedicians, Vascular surgeons, Clinicians and Anatomists as it provides the knowledge of variations in the course of brachial artery in the arm and cubital fossa.

Variations of the cubital superficial vein investigated by using the intravenous illuminator / 대한해부학회지

The purpose of this study was to report variations of the cubital superficial vein patterns in the Korean subjects, which was investigated by using venous illuminator, AccuVein. The 200 Korean subjects were randomly chosen from the patients and staff of the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center in Daegu, Korea. After excluding the inappropriate cases for detecting venous pattern, we collected 174 cases of right upper limbs and 179 cases of left upper limbs. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa were detected and classified into four types according to the presence of the median cubital vein (MCV) or median antebrachial vein. The type II, presenting the both cephalic and basilic vein connected by the MCV, was most common (177 upper limbs, 50.1%). Although the most common type in male and female was different as type I (108 upper limbs, 49.3%) and type II (75 upper limbs, 56.0%), respectively, statistical significance was not detected (P=0.241). The frequency of the each types between right and left upper limbs was also not different (P=0.973). Among 154 subjects who were observed the venous pattern in the both upper limbs, 76 subjects (49.3%) had the same venous pattern. Using AccuVein to investigate the venous pattern has an advantage of lager scale examination compared to the cadaver study. Our results might be helpful for medical practitioner to be aware of the variation of the superficial cubital superficial vein.

Clinical application of perforator flap in cubital fossa to repair skin defect in fingers / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To discuss the clinical application and evaluate the effect of repairing finger injuries using the perforator flap in forearm cubital fossa.Methods From July,2012 to December,2013,8 cases of finger injuries with totaled defect area of 2.5 cm × 4.0 cm-5.5 cm × 7.0 cm were reviewed.Among them,6 cases had phalangeal fracture,7 cases had neurovascular injury and 4 cases combined with tendon injuries.Cubital fossa flaps based on the inferior cubital perforator of radial artery were transplanted to repair the defects.Results All of the 8 flaps survived.One of them experienced distal end necrosis of epidermis and 1 cm long wound dehiscence.But it was healed by dressing change.All of the 8 cases were followed up for an average of 11 months (range,6-20 months).Sensory quality of （S） + was present in all of the flaps with two-point discrimination ranging between 7.5 mm and 9.8 mm with an average of 8.5 mm.All flaps were seen with good appearance,texture and colour.Moreover,function and appearance in donor sites were satisfactory.Conclusion The perforator flap in forearm cubital fossa is a satisfying choice in repairing small skin defects in fingers and other paas in that it is fixed,easy to dissect and leaves small injuries in targeted area.

Variant course and branching of right brachial artery: a case study.

A variant course and branching pattern of the right brachial artery was recorded in a 54-year-old male cadaver during the practical sessions of University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India. The right brachial artery divided in the middle third of arm into a medial superficial and lateral deep branch. The superficial medial branch descended anterior to the median nerve and ended by dividing in the cubital fossa into ulnar and radial arteries, whereas the lateral branch descended postero-medial to the median nerve, ending deep to pronator teres as the common interosseous artery. The left brachial artery showed a normal branching pattern by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa. The probable origin of such a variation is embryological and familiarity with such variations is imperative as they might affect dynamics of limb function or alter the course of interventional procedures.

Estudo morfológico da veia intermédia do cotovelo / Morphological study of the medial cubital vein

A punção venosa periférica é uma das atividades frequentemente executadas pelos profissionais da saúde, principalmente pela equipe de enfermagem e possui um alto nível de complexidade técnico-científico que exige conhecimentos anatômicos, além da habilidade e destreza manual. A veia intermédia do cotovelo é a principal veia utilizada para esse procedimento. O presente trabalho trata-se de um estudo descritivo macroscópico em quatro cadáveres humanos indigentes, a partir dos quais foi possível identificar e descrever as diferenças morfológicas da veia intermédia do cotovelo. A classificação das veias é baseada em cinco tipos. Em nossa pesquisa, verificaram-se os tipos I (12,5%), II (37,5%), III (0%), IV (25%), V (25%), também foi observado que a veia intermédia do cotovelo possui em média 0,4 cm de calibre, 6,5 cm de comprimento e que se situa em sua maior porção (4,38 cm) acima da prega do cotovelo, em média 3,45 cm distante do epicôndilo medial e 3,92 cm do epicôndilo lateral no nível da fossa cubital, notando a sua estreita relação com o nervo mediano e artéria braquial. Conclui-se que a veia intermédia do cotovelo é assimétrica e não é a veia mais indicada do membro superior para realizar a punção venosa periférica. Recomenda-se aos profissionais da saúde realizar uma análise cautelosa das veias da fossa cubital, utilizar outra veia de calibre semelhante e que outros estudos sejam feitos a fim de descrever as formações venosas da fossa cubital.

Peripheral venipuncture is often one of the frequent activities performed by health care professionals, especially by nursing staff, with a high-level technical-scientific complexity, requiring both anatomical knowledge and manual dexterity. The medial cubital vein is the main vein used for this procedure. This paper is a macroscopic descriptive study on four human indigent cadavers, where it is possible to identify and describe the morphological differences in the medial cubital vein. Vein classification is based on five different types. In this study, types I (12.5%), II (37.5%), III ( 0%), IV (25%) and V (25%) were observed. It was also noticed that the medial cubital vein has an average 0.4-cm caliber, 6.5-cm length and that it lies for the most part (4.38 cm) above the elbow crease. It is located, on average, 3.45 cm from the medial epicondyle and 3.92 cm from the lateral epicondyle in the cubital fossa level, with a close relationship to the median nerve and brachial artery. It can be concluded that the medial cubital vein is asymmetric and is not the most suitable vein from the upper limb to perform a peripheral venipuncture. It is recommended that health professionals perform a careful analysis of the veins in the cubital fossa, use other similar caliber vein and that further studies are performed in order to describe the venous formations of the cubital fossa.

Estudio de las venas de la fosa cubital a través de la tomografía computada helicoidal y su aplicación clínica / Study of the veins of the cubital fossa by helical computed tomography and its clinical application

Las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital, constituyen uno de los sitios más importantes de punción venosa. La disposición de estas venas presenta numerosas variaciones. Su anatomía no ha sido estudiada aplicando los avances tecnológicos en el campo de la medicina, como la tomografía computada helicoidal. Fueron analizadas mediante tomografía axial computada helicoidal, las formaciones venosas de la fosa cubital en 60 individuos chilenos de ambos sexos, de edades entre 10 y 86 años, de la IX Región de La Araucanía, Chile. El estudio fue realizado en un tomógrafo General Electric, modelo CT/e, perteneciente al Centro de Imagenología del Hospital del Trabajador, Temuco, Chile, en individuos ambulatorios. Basados en la clasificación de del Sol et al. (1988) para las formaciones venosas de la fosa cubital, se obtuvo los siguientes resultados: Tipo I (46,7 por ciento), la vena cefálica del antebrazo (VCA), se divide en vena mediana basílica (VMB) y vena mediana cefálica (VMC), las que se unen a la vena basílica del antebrazo (VBA) y vena cefálica del accesoria del antebrazo (VCAA), respectivamente. Tipo II (13,3 por ciento), la VCA originó la vena mediana del codo (VMCo), que se une a la VBA. Tipo III (20 por ciento), no existe comunicación entre la VBA y VCA a nivel de la fosa cubital. Tipo IV (8,3 por ciento), la VCA drenaba en la VBA. Tipo V (11,7 por ciento). Otras disposiciones, donde se incluye la "M" clásica, que resulta de la división de la vena mediana del antebrazo. La utilización de la VMC o de la VCA, se recomienda ya que previene los riesgos de punción de otras estructuras anatómicas importantes como el ramo anterior del nervio cutáneo antebraquial medial.

The superficial veins of the cubital fossa, is one of the most important sites of venipunctures. There are many variations in the arrangement of these veins. Their anatomy has not been studied using technology available in the field of medicine such, as helical computed tomography. The vein formation of the cubital fossa in 60 Chilean subjects of both sexes, between 10 and 86 years of age of the IX Region of Araucania, Chile, were analyzed by helical computed tomography. The study was realized on a General Electric scanner, model CT / e, belonging to the Imaging Center of the Hospital del Trabajador, Temuco, Chile, in ambulatory subjects. Based on the classification of del Sol et al. (1988) for the vein formation of the cubital fossa, we obtained the following results: Type I (46.7 percent), the cephalic vein of forearm (CVF), is divided into median basilic vein (MBV) and median cephalic vein (MCV), then anastomosis the basilic vein of forearm (BVF) and cephalic vein accessory (CVA), respectively. Type II (13.3 percent), the CVA originates at the median cubital vein (MCuV), which anastomoses to the BVF. Type III (20 percent), there is no communication between BVF and CVF at the cubital fossa. Type IV (8.3 percent), CVF drains into the BVF. Type V (11.7 percent) - Other disposition, which include the "M" classical, resulting from the division of the median antebrachial vein. Using the MCV or CVF, is recommended, since there are risks of puncture of other important anatomical structures such as the anterior branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.

Distribución de los patrones venosos de la fosa cubital en una muestra de personas nacidas en Bucaramanga, Colombia / Distribution pattern of the veins of the cubital fossa in a sample of people born in Bucaramanga, Colombia

El uso racional del acceso a las venas superficiales en la fosa cubital es de especial relevancia en pacientes pediátricos, con fístulas para diálisis, en quimioterapia, o como vías para acceso venoso central. Se han descrito varios patrones venosos con sus beneficios o riesgos. Se determinó la frecuencia de los patrones venosos en una población de ambos sexos nacida en Bucaramanga, Colombia, en 800 miembros superiores (200 hombres y 200 mujeres), conforme a la clasificación propuesta por del Sol et al. (1988, 2007). El análisis descriptivo para variables cualitativas nominales y ordinales mediante porcentajes, las cuantitativas con media y desviación estándar en el caso de variables con distribución normal y las no paramétricas identificadas con número mediante mediana y rango intercuartil. Se comparó género y patrón venoso mediante la prueba de Kwallis y chi cuadrado. El patrón predominante fue el III, 297 casos (37 por ciento) determinado por una alta frecuencia en mujeres (54 por ciento), seguido del II 190 casos (24 por ciento). En el lado derecho para ambos géneros el patrón más frecuente fue el III, 141 casos (35 por ciento), seguidos del II, 89 casos (22 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo para ambos géneros predominó el patrón III, 156 casos (39 por ciento), seguido por el II con 101 casos (25 por ciento). El patrón II fue el mayor en hombres (28 por ciento), seguido del III (21 por ciento). En mujeres predominó el patrón III, seguido del II (19 por ciento). En el lado derecho en hombres, predominó el II (24 por ciento) seguido del IV (23 por ciento). En el lado derecho en mujeres predominó el III (51 por ciento) seguido del II (20 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo en hombres, predominó el patrón II (32 por ciento) seguido del III (21 por ciento). En el lado izquierdo en mujeres predominó III (57 por ciento) seguido del II (18 por ciento). El patrón que en más ocasiones se presentó al mismo tiempo en ambos lados en la misma persona...

The rational use of access to the superficial veins in the cubital fossa is particularly important in pediatric patients, with fistulas for dialysis, chemotherapy, or central venous access routes. Several venous patterns have been described for their benefits or risks. The prevalence of venous patterns in a population of both sexes born in Bucaramanga, Colombia, in 800 upper limbs (200 men and 200 women), according to the classification proposed by del Sol et al. (1988, 2007). The descriptive analysis for nominal and ordinal qualitative variables with percentages, the quantitative mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variables and nonparametric identified by number using median and interquartile range, was compared by gender and venous pattern through test and chi square Kwallis. The predominant pattern was III, 297 cases (37 percent) determined by a high frequency in women (54 percent), followed by II 190 cases (24 percent). On the right side for both sexes the most common pattern was III, 141 cases (35 percent), followed by II, 89 cases (22 percent). On the left side for both genders predominant pattern III, 156 cases (39 percent), followed by the second with 101 cases (25 percent). Pattern II was greater in men (28 percent), followed by III (21 percent). In women the pattern III predominated, followed by II (19 percent). On the right side in men, II predominated (24 percent) followed by IV (23 percent). On the right side III predominated in women (51 percent) followed by II (20 percent). On the left side in men, the predominant pattern II (32 percent) followed by III (21 percent). On the left side in women predominated III (57 percent) followed by II (18 percent). The pattern appeared more often at the same time on both sides in the same person was III (16.6 percent).

Venas superficiales de la fosa cubital: aspectos anátomo-clínicos y antropológicos / Superficial veins of the cubital fossa: anatomo-clinic and anthropologic aspects

Es bastante frecuente el acceso a las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital, siendo uno de los sitios más utilizados para punción venosa. Aunque es un procedimiento simple, es invasivo y a veces doloroso. La disposición de las venas superficiales de la región cubital ha sido descrita por numerosos autores y en diversos grupos étnicos, describiéndose variaciones y diversas padronizaciones. Las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital se han descrito formando una M, N, Y y W. Numerosos estudios, en distintas razas y grupos étnicos han demostrado similitudes y diferencias en la disposición de las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital. En 1908 Berry & Newton determinaron que en el 83% de los hombres británicos la vena cefálica del antebrazo (VCA) y la vena basílica del antebrazo (VB A) eran conectadas por la vena mediana del codo (VMCo). Okamoto (1922) en hombres japoneses, determinó 3 Tipos de padrones venosos: Tipo I donde la VCA origina la VMCo, no existe la vena cefálica accesoria del antebrazo (VCAA), y la VCA no se duplica; Tipo II, caracterizado por la duplicación de la VCA y un Tipo III, que incluye la VCAA que drena en la VCA. En hombres blancos y negros Charles (1932) señaló que la distribución más frecuente (cerca de 70% de los casos), era aquella donde la VCA y la VB A eran conectadas por la VMCo. Soller et al. (1962, 1964) en africanos de África Occidental, distinguieron tres tipos de formaciones venosas. Grupo I. Disposición clásica, tipos en M o aparentes (38,1%). Grupos II y III descritas como disposiciones de tipo embrionario constituyen el 62% de los casos. Halim & Abdi (1974) en hindúes, observaron tres tipos: 1) Tipo I. La VCA y la VBA son conectadas por la VMCo; Tipo II. La VCA drena en la VBA; la vena mediana del antebrazo (VMA) drena en la VCA. Tipo III. No existe comunicación entre la VCA y la VBA en la fosa cubital y la subdividen en Tipos IIIA y III B. Wasfi et al. (1986) describieron ...

Access of the cubital fossa to the superficial veins is very frequent, this being one of the most frequent vein puncture sites. Although it is a simple procedure, it is invasive and at times painful. The disposition of the superficial veins of the cubital area has been described by numerous authors and in diverse ethnic groups, describing many variations and various patterning. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa have been independently described, forming an M, N, Y or W. Numerous studies in different races and ethnic groups have demonstrated similarities and differences in the disposition of the superficial veins of the cubital fossa. In 1908 Berry & Newton determined that in 83% of British men the cephalic vein of the forearm (CVF) and the basilic vein of the forearm (BVF) were connected by the median cubital vein (MCV) Okamoto (1922) in Japanese men, determined 3 types of venous patterns. Type I where the CVF originates the MCV, the accessory cephalic vein (ACV) does not exist, and the (CVF) does not duplicate; Type II is characterized by the duplication of the CVF and a Type III, that includes the ACV which drains in the CVF. In white and black men Charles (1932) indicated that the most frequent distribution (nearly 70% of the cases), was that where the CVF and the BFV were connected by the MCV. Soller et al. (1962, 1964) in Africans from West Africa, distinguished three types of venous formations. Group I classic dispositions, types in M or apparent (38.1%) Groups II and III described as dispositions of the embryological type constitute 62% of the cases. Halim & Abdi (1974) observed 3 types in Hindus types: 1) Type I. The CVF and the BVF are connected by the MCV; Type II. The CVF drains in the BVF: the median vein of the forearm (MVF) drains in the CVF. Type III. There is no communication between the CVF and the BFV in the cubital fossa and it is subdivided in Types III A and III B. Wasfi et al. (1986) described ...

Bicipitoradial Bursitis: A Case Report

Case Report: We report a case of bicipitoradial bursitis, which is a rare mass lesion in cubital fossa. A 54-year-old woman visited our clinic with onemonth history of anterior elbow discomfort and mass lesion. She had a movable and hard mass lesion in cubital fossa. We checked imaging study with simple radiography and MRI. There was a 3.4x2.6x2.7 cm sized cystic mass lesion between biceps tendon and radial tuberosity with inflammatory change in the adjacent tissue on MRI. Enlarged bursa wrapping around the distal biceps tendon was excised and bursitis was confirmed by histologic examination. Bicipitoradial bursitis is a rare disease condition and must be differentiated with other neoplasm in cubital fossa.

Formaciones Venosas de la Fosa Cubital en el Individuo Mapuche: Estudio Bioscópico / Venous Formations in the Cubital Fossa of Mapuche: Bioscopy Study

Las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital constituyen uno de los sitios más importantes para punción venosa. La disposición de esas venas presenta numerosas variaciones y, la disposición de ellas no ha sido estudiada en el grupo étnico mapuche. Debido a esto, y considerando a este grupo como el mayor conglomerado étnico de América del Sur, efectuamos este estudio. Fueron analizadas las venas superficiales de la fosa cubital, en 300 miembros superiores (150 derechos y 150 izquierdos) de individuos de ambos sexos (30 hombres y 120 mujeres), chilenos del grupo étnico mapuche, con edades entre 15 y 84 años. El estudio fue realizado en las postas rurales adyacentes a la ciudad de Temuco. Basados en la clasificación de del Sol et al. (1988) para las formaciones venosas de la fosa cubital, obtuvimos los siguientes resultados: Tipo I (38,7%), la vena cefálica (VC) se divide en vena intermedia basílica (VIB) y vena intermedia cefálica (VIC), uniéndose a la vena basílica (VB) y vena cefálica accesoria (VCA), respectivamente. La VIB era de mayor calibre y la vena intermedia del antebrazo (VIA) drenaba, generalmente, en la VB; Tipo II (28,3%), la VC origina la vena intermedia del codo (VICo), que se une a la VB. No existe VCA, siendo la VICo de mayor calibre y la VIA drena en la VB; Tipo III (24%), no existe comunicación entre la VB y VC a nivel de la fosa cubital. La VIA drena en la VB; Tipo IV (4,3%), la VC drena en la VB y la VIA drena en la VC; Tipo V otras disposiciones, donde se incluye la M clásica (1%) que resulta de la división de la VIA. La utilización de las VIC y VC se recomienda cuando ellas tienen un calibre semejante a la VIB o a la VICo ya que los riesgos de punción de otras estructuras anatómicas importantes, como ramos anteriores del nervio cutáneo medial del antebrazo o arteria braquial, son mínimos.

The superficial veins of the cubital fossa constitute one of the most important sites for vein puncture. The availability of those veins present numerous variations, and the availability of these has not been studied in the Mapuche ethnic group. In view of the above, and considering this group as the greatest ethnic conglomerate in South America the study took place. The superficial veins of the cubital fossa were analized in 300 superior members (150 right and 150 left) in subjects of both sexes (30 men and 120 women) Chileans of the Mapuche ethnic group between 15 and 84 years of age. The study was realized in rural clinics near the city of Temuco. Based on the classification of del Sol et al. (1988) for the vein formation of the cubital fossa, the following results were obtained: type I (38.7%), the cephalic vein (VC) is divided in the intermediate basilic vein (VIB) and intermediate cephalic vein (VIC), joining thebasilic vein (VB)and accessory cephalic vein (VCA) respectively. The VIB was of a major caliber and the intermediate vein of the forearm (VIA) generally drained in the VB, Type II (28,3%), the VC originates the intermediate vein of the elbow (VICo), that joins the VB. VCA does not exist, th VICo being of a mayor caliber and the VIA drains in to VB, Type III (24%) no communication exists between the VB and VC at the level of the cubital fossa, the VIA drains into VB, Type IV (4,3%), the VC drains in the VB and VIA drins in the VC; Type V other dispositions where the classic M is included (1%) which results in the division of the VIA. The use of the VIC and VC is recommended when they have a similar caliber to that of the VIB of VICo. Because the puncture risks of other important anatomic structures, such as anterior branches of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm or brachial artery are minimal.